What side effects are associated with hormonal replacement therapy in a 52-year-old female?

Hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) is commonly used to alleviate symptoms associated with menopause in women, particularly in individuals around the age of 52. One of the well-documented concerns associated with HRT is its potential to increase the risk of serious complications, including gallstones, blood clots, and cerebrovascular accidents (strokes).

Gallstones can form as a side effect of hormonal changes triggered by HRT, as estrogen can influence cholesterol levels in bile. The risk of blood clots, particularly deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is notably elevated during hormonal therapy, especially in women who are older, overweight, or have a history of clotting disorders. Cerebrovascular accidents can also occur due to the increased risk of vascular complications that may be influenced by the hormonal changes associated with the use of HRT.

While the other options mention side effects that can occur with HRT, they are generally less severe or not as directly linked to the systemic effects that hormones can have on the vascular system and gallbladder. For instance, headaches and mood swings can occur but are usually less severe and can have multiple causative factors not solely attributed to hormonal therapy. Nausea and vomiting may be experienced but are typically not the most critical