Which of the following is less likely to cause gastrointestinal complications?

Parenteral nutrition is less likely to cause gastrointestinal complications mainly because it bypasses the gastrointestinal tract entirely. It delivers nutrients directly into the bloodstream through an intravenous line, which eliminates the risk of issues such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or other gastrointestinal disturbances that can occur with the use of enteral nutrition, where nutrients are administered via the digestive system.

Enteral nutrition, while essential for patients who cannot consume food orally, can result in complications like aspiration, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort due to the direct involvement of the gastrointestinal tract. Fluid overload, on the other hand, can lead to heart failure, pulmonary edema, and other systemic complications rather than specific gastrointestinal issues. Dehydration, while it does impact overall health, usually leads to complications related to electrolyte imbalances and kidney function, rather than direct gastrointestinal disturbances.

This understanding helps to clarify why parenteral nutrition is a preferable choice in patients at risk for gastrointestinal complications.